中国古典の鑑賞：論語第31章 刑法と政治

Zhonggong asked Confucius, "Yong has heard that when the punishment is the best, there is no need for politics; when the politics is the best, there is no need for punishment. When the punishment is the best, there is no need for politics. This was the case during the reigns of Jie and Zhou. When the politics is the best, there is no need for punishment. Is this true?" Confucius said, "When a sage governs, punishment and politics must be combined. The best is to teach the people with virtue and to unify them with propriety. The next best is to guide the people with politics and to restrain them with punishment. Punishment is not punishment. If the people do not change when they are educated and do not follow when they are guided, morality is harmed and customs are corrupted, then punishment is used. The five punishments must be in accordance with the natural order. When the punishment is carried out, it must be light and there must be no pardon. The punishment is due and it is complete. Once it is complete, it cannot be changed. Therefore, a gentleman should devote his heart to it."

中公は言った。「昔、事件を審理するとき、刑罰は特に大袈裟であった。心で行わなければ、どうして聞くことができようか。」孔子は言った。「五つの罰の事件を審理するときは、父と子の関係を考慮し、君臣の義を立てて量り、重大さの順序を論じ、浅深を慎重に測って区別し、知恵を十分に働かせ、忠誠と愛を正して完全にする。太政大臣は刑罰を正し、獄を調査する。獄を3回尋問する。指があっても書類がなければ、審理せず、軽い刑罰を与え、赦免する。」罪の重さに応じて、被疑者が刑務所にいる場合は、公衆と共有します。被疑者が疑わしい場合は、恩赦を与えます。これは、罪の大きさに応じて行われます。したがって、称号を与えられた人は、法廷にいて公衆と共有する必要があります。処罰された人は、市場にいて公衆に捨てられなければなりません。昔、政府は処罰された人を留め置かず、役人も留め置かなかった。学者が道で彼らに会ったとき、彼らは彼らと話をせず、彼らは四方から隔離され、彼らは好きな場所に行きました。彼らは政府に関与せず、彼らを生かしておくことを望みませんでした。中公は言った：「どの役人が刑務所を聞く責任がありますか？」

孔子は、「刑務所は役人によって持ち込まれている。職員は刑務所を正義に報告した。それを聞いた後、彼はそれを聞いた。彼はそれを耳にする。彼はそれを王に報告する「禁止事項は何ですか？」と言った、「賢い言葉で法律を破り、名前を変え、政府を混乱させる人は、わいせつな服を作って、奇妙な服を作って、皇帝を誘惑する人は殺されます。殺されてください。 "That's all?" Confucius said, "These are the most urgent ones. The rest are fourteen. The clothes and carriages of the emperor's order shall not be sold in the market; jade, jade, jade discs and cong stones shall not be sold in the market; the utensils of the ancestral temple shall not be sold in the market; the chariots and flags shall not be sold in the market; the sacrificial animals and rice wine shall not be sold in the market; the weapons and armor shall not be sold in the market; the utensils that are not of the right size shall not be sold in the market; the fine and coarse cloths that are not of the right number, the wide and narrow cloths that are not of the right size shall not be sold in the market; the adulterous and the ordinary colors shall not be sold in the market; the utensils with brocade, pearls and jade, and the gorgeous carvings shall not be sold in the market; the clothes and food that are not of the right season shall not be sold in the market; the five trees that are not cut in the right time shall not be sold in the market; the birds, beasts, fish and breams that are not killed in the right time shall not be sold in the market. Anyone who enforces these prohibitions to unify the people will not be pardoned."